Produksi Nata Fruticans Dari Nira Nipah

Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) menghasilkan nira yang dapat diperoleh melalui penyadapan tandan buah. Dalam keadaan segar nira nipah memiliki rasa manis karena mengandung gula yang cukup tinggi. Cairan ini merupakan media yang subur bagi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme, sehingga nira nipah berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan produk melalui proses fermentasi seperti nata. Nata merupakan jenis pangan yang dikelompokkan sebagai makanan penyegar atau pencuci mulut. Percobaan produksi nata fruticans dilakukan melalui proses fermentasi nira nipah yang masih segar dengan perlakuan penambahan gula 0, 50, 75 dan 100 g per liter nira nipah. Produksi nata fruticans dari nira nipah segar yang ditambahkan gula pada berbagai kadar diperoleh rendemen antara 76,52%-90,97% atau rata-rata 86,05%. Penambahan gula pada nira nipah segar berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap rendemen produksi nata fruticans. Penggunaan nira nipah segar dengantanpa penambahan gula menghasilkan nata fruticans dengan rendemen rata-rata 83,74%

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<div><p>Nuclear lamins are important structural and functional proteins in mammalian cells, but little is known about the mechanisms and cofactors that regulate their traffic into the nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that trafficking of lamin A, but not lamin B1, and its assembly into the nuclear envelope are regulated by sorting nexin 6 (SNX6), a major component of the retromer that targets proteins and other molecules to specific subcellular locations. SNX6 interacts with lamin A <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> and links it to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum in human and mouse cells. SNX6 transports its lamin A cargo to the nuclear envelope in a process that takes several hours. Lamin A protein levels in the nucleus augment or decrease, respectively, upon gain or loss of SNX6 function. We further show that SNX6-dependent lamin A nuclear import occurs across the nuclear pore complex via a RAN-GTP-dependent mechanism. These results identify SNX6 as a key regulator of lamin A synthesis and incorporation into the nuclear envelope.</p></div

NanoDrop spectrophotometer results from the different RNA extraction protocols: total amount, concentration and 260/280 ratios.

<p><i>p</i><0.001 between each marked sample and miRNeasy. Mean plus SD.</p

Flow chart of the different plasma processing methods.

<p>Flow chart of the different plasma processing methods.</p

Comparative table on the carrier effect on the total RNA yielded, measured by NanoDrop spectrophotometer, and its purity.

<p>Mean plus SD.</p

miRNA expression profiles defined by microarrays technology.

<p>A) PCA scatter plot of normalized data from plasma samples. B) Hierarchical clustering showing microRNA expression profiles by means of ANOVA test FDR p0.05, differentially expressed in the three categories: without carrier (PL) and with carrier at low (1 µg/mL PLlc) or standard concentration (10 µg/mL PLsc). C) Venn diagram comparing the number of overlapping miRNAs targets among the set of plasma samples. List was generated by ANOVA contrast of each category and a fold-change of 2 to −2 and a p-value ≤0.05.</p

Flow chart of the different total RNA extraction methods.

<p>Flow chart of the different total RNA extraction methods.</p

NanoDrop results from the different methods employed.

<p>A) RNA 220–320 absorbance spectra from the different samples analyzed and protocols employed. B) NanoDrop spectra from samples under miRNA easy extraction. The effect of carrier addition at different doses is also depicted. C) RNA quantification by NanoDrop. Samples without carrier (PL), carrier at low concentration (1 µg/mL, PLlc) and carrier at standard concentration (10 µg/mL, PLsc), all RNA extracted with the Qiagen kit, was analyzed by NanoDrop technology. ***stands for <i>p</i><0.001 and *for <i>p</i><0.05.</p

SNX6-dependent lamin A incorporation into the nucleus occurs via a RAN-dependent mechanism and is independent of ER tubule-forming proteins.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Flow cytometry analysis of nuclei isolated from U2OS cells cotransfected with CFP-lamin A and either HA alone or HA-SNX6. When indicated, cells were also cotransfected with reticulon 3. (<b>B</b>) Confocal microscopy analysis of U2OS cells cotransfected as indicated. The intensity of the CFP signal across the cell nucleus and cytoplasm (arrows) is shown for each cell in the graphs below. The arrows across the cells correspond to the sections along which CFP-Lamin A signals were quantified. (<b>C</b>) Nuclei from cells transfected as in (B) were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry.</p

In vivo shuttling of lamin A to the nucleus.

<p>Time-lapse analysis of U2OS cells cotransfected with GFP-lamin A and HA-SNX6 to enhance GFP-lamin A extranuclear accumulation. Over a period of 8 hours, the extranuclear GFP-Lamin A progressively incorporated into the nucleus of the transfected cell. See also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115571#pone.0115571.s006" target="_blank">S2 Video</a>.</p